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Right of Children to Free And Compulsory Education Act. 2009, Along with Central Rules 2010

Right to education (RTE)

Question 1. When was the demand for the right to education raised for the first time in the country?

I submit before the Council for its consideration the following proposal The State in this country should accept the same responsibility in regard to mass education as is already being discharged by the Governments of most civilised countries and should make a well-planned scheme for it and stick to it till it is strong. The well-being of millions of people depends on those millions of children The above words are part of the resolution which Gopal Krishna Gokhale presented before the British Legislative Council on 18 March 1910 demanding the provision of free and compulsory primary education in India This initiative must certainly be seen as a part of the following sequence of events.

1870: Compulsory Education Act. issued in Britain

1882: Indian Education Commission- Indian leaders demanded provision of mass education and compulsory education.

1893: Baroda Maharaja started compulsory education for boys in Amreli taluka.

1906: The Maharaja of Baroda extends compulsory education to the rest of the state.

1906: Gopal Krishna Gokhale argued before the Imperial Legislative Council proposing free and compulsory education.

1910: Vithalbhai Patel succeeded in getting the bill passed- the first bill on compulsory education was passed. Which became popular as Patel Act.

1918-1930: Compulsory Education Act was included in the Statute List in all the provinces of British India.

1930: The Hutong Committee’s recommendations for better education (with a focus on mere literacy) spurred the development and expansion of primary education, although many of these were not implemented seriously at first, due to lack of resources and pressure.

Question : 2 What was Mahatma Gandhi’s contribution to this demand?

The deteriorating situation over the years forced Mahatma Gandhi to make a passionate call for universal education in 1937. The reply to his request for adequate financing for universal education was that something could be done only by using the revenue from the sale of liquor, which meant either he withdraw his stand on prohibition of alcohol or implement his proposal for universal education with state support, about which he clearly stated “The cruelest irony of the new reforms is that we are left with nothing except the revenue from liquor which is returned in the name of educating our children.” (Harijan, 5,222) He found a solution to the educational puzzle by proposing self-financing education, later known as Nai Talim.

Question: 3 How did fundamental Article 45 of the Constitution come into being?

1946: Constituent Assembly begins work.

1947: Ways and Means Committee appointed to explore ways and means to achieve universal primary education at a relatively low cost within ten years.

1947: Sub-Committee on Fundamental Rights of the Constituent Assembly includes free and compulsory education in the list of Fundamental Rights: Article 23- “Every citizen has the right… to free education and it shall be the duty of the State to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, free and compulsory education to all children until they attain the age of fourteen years.”

1947, April: Consultative Committee of the Constituent Assembly rejects free and compulsory education as a Fundamental Right (costs being the reason). The Article is placed in the list of non-justiciable Fundamental Rights (later called Directive Principles of State Policy).

1949: It was debated in the Constituent Assembly and the first line of Article 36 was deleted. “Every citizen has the right to free education and it shall be the duty of the State to” was replaced by “The State shall endeavour to…”. Why were the words primary education deleted?

“Article 18 provides for a provision prohibiting the employment of any child below the age of 14 years. Naturally, if a child below the age of 14 years is not in employment, the child must be admitted to some educational institution. This is the purpose of Article 36.”

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, 23 November 1949

1950: In Article 45 of the Directive Principles of National Policy, it was admitted that “The State shall, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, endeavour to provide free and compulsory education for all children until they attain the age of fourteen years.”

But it was a justiciable right or a rule. The inadequacy of the final form of Article 45 was already noticed by K.T. Shah in his dissenting voice in April 1947 as follows: Once such a justiciable right has been clearly declared, those responsible for it will have to find ways and means to make it effective. If they do not want to bring such allegations on themselves, they may be inclined to defend their own interests by apologising each time to justify their inaction in the matter, neutral good or bad.

This observation of K.S. turned out to be absolutely true. Regarding Article 45, the famous economist L.C. Jain says that in the next ten years after the adoption of the Constitution, when education was supposed to be universalised, education was not even mentioned in the budget speech for a single year. This makes it clear that the argument of no money forced even a person like Gandhi to look for alternatives and Ambedkar had to agree to repeal Article 36.
The disappearance of children in the age group of 0-6 years and 14-18 years from the 2009 law is due to this (again no money) argument. And whatever is in this law will depend on whether the government will provide sufficient funds or not. In this context, the Prime Minister’s statement in his address to the nation on 1 April 2010 that lack of funds will not be allowed to hinder the implementation of this law is a ray of hope, yet it remains to be seen whether this statement will really become a principle of policy or not.

Question 4: What did the Supreme Court say?

The Supreme Court established free education as a right for children up to the age of 14 years in 1993 (Unnikrishnan & Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh & Ors.) stating that “The citizens of this country have a fundamental right to education. This right is derived from Article 21. However, this right is not an absolute right. Its content and parameters have to be determined in the light of Articles 45 and 41. In other words, every child/citizen of this country has a right to free education up to the age of fourteen years. Thereafter his right to education would be subject to the limitations of development and economic capacity of the State.”

Question: 5 What is the 86th Amendment?

Inspired by the Unnikrishnan judgment and public demand for implementation of the Right to Education, successive governments since 1993 worked towards introducing a constitutional amendment to make education a fundamental right. The 86th Amendment was introduced in December 2006 by which the following articles were added to the Constitution-

[9:16 pm, 3/4/2025] Ravi Kant: 1. A new Article 21-A was added after Article-21 of the Constitution, the following article will be added in its place- i.e. Right to Education-21-A- “The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of 6 to 14 years, in such manner as the State may by law determine.

2. The following article will be substituted in place of Article-45- i.e. Provision of early childhood protection and education for children below the age of six years Article-45- ”The State shall endeavour to provide early childhood protection to all children until they complete the age of six years.”

3. Amendment of article 51-A In article 51-A of the Constitution, after clause (j), the following clause shall be added, namely:- (k) “A parent or guardian shall provide opportunities for education to his child or ward, as the case may be, between the age of six and fourteen years.”

Question : 6 The 86th Amendment is said to be different from the Unnikrishnan judgment! How?

The original Article 45 of the Directive Principles used the words ’till fourteen years’ and the Unnikrishnan judgment said ’till the child attains the age of fourteen years.’ Both these definitions included the age group of 0-6 years. Article 21A limited the age group to 6-14 years, thereby excluding the age group of 0-6 years from the right. This makes it different from Article 45 of the Directive Principles. The Unnikrishnan judgment further states that the right to education exists and cannot depend on the financial capacity of the state. Article 21 says that it shall be provided in such manner as the state may by law determine. Hence it was made dependent on the legislation brought in by the state. The Act is the law and after half a century of amendments it took eight years to come into force. Hence it took 17 years to make a law after the Unnikrishnan judgment.

Question : 7 What was the sequence of events leading to the enactment of the law in 2009?

After the 86th Amendment in December 2002, we had:

2003: Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Bill, 2003 (NDA Government)

2004:

Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Bill, 2004 (NDA Government)

2005: Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Bill, 2005 (June) (CABE Bill) (UPA Government)

2005: Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Bill, 2005 (August) (UPA Government)

2000: Central law was dropped. States were advised to frame their own bills based on the draft CAB-2006 (UPA government).

2008-2009 Central law was restructured. Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Bill 2008 passed in Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. Presidential assent in August 2009. But the Act and the notification of 86th Amendment were issued eight months later on 1 April 2010 (UPA government).

Note that the word ‘rights’ was missing in the first two drafts of the Bill. The word was used only after the draft of CAB 2005. In 2006, the government decided that a central law was not needed and asked the states to frame their own laws, for which a very simple model draft was sent to the states. The argument was that the Centre did not have that much money. It was due to public pressure that the central law was brought back in 2008. Despite its shortcomings, the final law is notable for the following provisions:

* The definition of free goes far beyond fee-free education.

* The responsibility is on governments, not parents.

* Emphasis is on inclusive education and elimination of discrimination.

* Quality inculcation in the teaching-learning process.

* A separate constitutional commission will oversee the implementation of the Act.

* Definition of minimum standards.

* Bringing children’s emotions, mental pressure and fear within the ambit of the law.

This Act is also a milestone in the sense that its implementation has a history of many years. If we look at the country’s independence as a milestone, then independence was achieved in 1947, 90 years after the freedom struggle of 1857. But it took an additional decade to bring the right to education and out of these hundred years, 62 years are after independence. Because of this, the historical importance of this law is very high.

15 June 2005

right to Information

Right to Information

The Right to Information Act, 2005 was passed on 15 June 2005. After the approval of His Excellency the President, the Right to Information Act has come into force in the whole of India from 12 October (120 days after its passing). The Right to Information Act has automatically come into force in the whole of India; for this, the states no longer need to make a separate Act. This Act has come into force in the whole of India (except the state of Jammu and Kashmir).

सूचना का अधिकार

सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम, 2005 दिनांक 15 जून, 2005 को पारित हुआ है। महामहिम श्री राष्ट्रपति जी के अनुमोदनोपरांत/सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम सम्पूर्ण भारत में दिनांक 12 अक्टूबर, (पारित होने के 120 दिन बाद) से लागू भी हो गया है। सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम सम्पूर्ण भारत में स्वतः ही लागू हो गया है इसके लिए अब राज्यों को अलग से अधिनियम बनाये जाने की आवश्यकता नहीं है। यह अधिनियम सम्पूर्ण भारत में (जम्मू-काश्मीर राज्य के सिवाय) लागू हो गया है।

Who will this apply to?

It shall apply to all bodies owned or constituted or financed by the Central or State Government.

Non-governmental organisations which are controlled by, or financed directly or indirectly by, the Central or State Government.

यह किस पर लागू होगा ?

केन्द्र या सरकार के स्वामित्व वाले या उसके द्वारा गठित या वित्तपोषित सभी निकायों पर लागू होगा।

गैर-सरकारी संगठन जो केन्द्र या राज्य सरकार द्वारा नियन्त्रित हैं, या उसके द्वारा प्रत्यक्ष या अप्रत्यक्ष रूप में वित्तपोषित हैं।

What type of information and why?

Information means material available in any form relating to the official actions or decisions of any public power.

The objective of the Right to Information is to bring openness in administration,Bringing transparency and accountability.

Every citizen has the right to obtain information from public powers. Public powers mean government, governmental, constitutional institutions and departments.

Records, documents, circulars, contract papers, logbooks, models and data material held in electronic form.

Information relating to private bodies which may be obtained by a public authority under any other law.

किस प्रकार की सूचना और क्यों ?

सूचना का मतलब है, किसी लोक शक्ति के शासकीय कार्यों या निर्णयों से सम्बन्धित किसी भी रूप में उपलब्ध सामग्री।

सूचना के अधिकार का उद्देश्य है, प्रशासन में खुलापन, पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेही लाना।

हर नागरिक को लोक शक्तियों से सूचना प्राप्त करने का अधिकार है। लोक शक्तियाँ यानि सरकारी, शासकीय, संवैधानिक संस्थायें और विभाग।

अभिलेख, दस्तावेज, ज्ञापन (सर्कुलर), संविदा (काँट्राक्ट) कागजपत्र, लॉगबुक, मॉडल और आंकड़ों सम्बन्धी सामग्री जो इलैक्ट्रॉनिक रूप में है।

निजी निकायों से सम्बन्धित ऐसी सूचना जो किसी लोक प्राधिकरण द्वारा किसी भी अन्य कानून के ज़रिये हासिल की जा सकती है।

What kind of rights?

Right to inspect construction works, documents and records

Right to take notes, extracts or certified copies of documents or records

Right to take certified samples of materials

Right to receive information in the form of diskettes, floppies, tapes, video cassettes or in any other electronic form or through printouts or stored in a computer

किस तरह का अधिकार ?

निर्माण कार्यों, दस्तावेजों और अभिलेखों के निरीक्षण का अधिकार

दस्तावेज़ों या अभिलेखों के टिप्पणी, उद्धरण (एक्स्ट्राक्ट) या प्रमाणित प्रतिलिपि लेने का अधिकार

सामग्री के प्रमाणित नमूने लेने का अधिकार

डिस्केट, फ्लापी, टेप, वीडियो कैसेट के रूप में या किसी अन्य इलैक्ट्रॉनिक रूप में या प्रिन्टाउट के माध्यम से या कम्प्यूटर में भंडारित की गयी सूचना को प्राप्त करने का अधिकार

How will the information be received?

Information can be obtained in many ways:

By observing the records and taking extracts or notes from them

By taking certified copies of the records

By taking information through computer’s “floppy”, diskette etc.

An important point of this law is that it is now the responsibility of the government departments and government institutions to keep their records in a proper manner so that it is easy to find them.

Disseminate information about the following things yourself:

1. Complete information about your own functions and duties

2. Powers of your officers and other employees, their responsibilities and their decision making process

3. Their criteria for doing their work

4. Rules, policies, orders, etc. documents related to the working methods of the people working under them.

Every Lok Shakti must also clearly display the following information in its premises:

a) What facilities are available to citizens for information

b) Name, designation and other information of the “Public Information Officer” appointed to provide information (such as where he sits, working hours, etc.)

5. While taking any important decision or formulating a policy, all the facts related to it should be disseminated.

6. The basis of those decisions should be told to the people affected by them.

7. Before doing any new work, all the information available with them about that work should be given to the people affected by that work.

If a person is unable to give a written application, he can give an oral application (by speaking). The Public Information Officer will help him in doing it in writing.

सुचना किस तरह प्राप्त होगी?

सूचना कई तरीकों से ली जा सकती है :

रिकाडौं का अवलोकन करके उनमें से अंश या नोट लेना

रिकार्डों की सत्यापित प्रतियाँ (सर्टीफाईड कॉपी) लेना।

कम्प्यूटर की “फ्लॉपी, डिस्केट इत्यादि जैसे माध्यमों से सूचना लेना।

इस कानून की एक अहम् बात है कि सरकारी विभागों और शासकीय संस्थाओं पर अब यह जिम्मेदारी है कि वे अपने रिकार्डों को सही ढंग से रखे जिससे उन्हें ढूँढने में सुविधा हो।

निम्न बातों की जानकारी स्वयं प्रसारित करें :

1. अपने-अपने कार्यों और कर्तव्यों की पूरी जानकारी

2. अपने अधिकारियों और अन्य कर्मचारियों की शक्तियाँ, उनके दायित्व और उनके निर्णय लेने की कार्यप्रणाली

3. अपने कार्य करने के लिए उनके मापदण्ड

4. उनके अधीन काम करने वाले लोगों के काम करने के तरीकों से सम्बन्धित नियम, नीति, आदेश, इत्यादि दस्तावेज ।

हर लोक शक्ति को अपने परिसरों में यह जानकारी भी स्पष्ट रूप से देनी होगी :

क) नागरिकों को सूचना करने के लिए क्या सुविधाएं उपलब्ध हैं

ख) सूचना देने के लिए नियुक्त “लोक सूचना अधिकारी” का नाम, पद और अन्य जानकारी (जैसे कहाँ बैठते हैं, कार्य करने का समय, इत्यादि)

5. कोई भी अहम् निर्णय लेते समय या नीति निर्धारित करते समय, उनसे सम्बन्धित सभी तथ्यों को प्रसारित करना।

6. अपने निर्णयों से प्रभावित लोगों को उन निर्णयों का आधार बताना।

7. कोई भी नया कार्य करने से पहले, उस कार्य के बारे में उनके पास उपलब्ध सारी जानकारी उस कार्य से प्रभावित होने वाले को देनी होगी।

अगर कोई व्यक्ति लिखित आवेदन देने में असमर्थ है तो वह मौखिक आवेदन (बोलकर, मुँह-जुबानी) दे सकता है। लोक सूचना अधिकारी उसको लिखित में करने में सहायता करेंगे।

How will a citizen seek information?

In every department, one or more “Public Information Officers” will be appointed to provide information under this Act. Their information will be clearly written in the office of the department.

Public Information Officers will dispose of any demand for information. They will also provide general assistance to the information seeker in every way.

The Public Information Officer can also ask for the help of other officers for this work. These officers will have to help the Public Information Officer in every possible way.

If a person wants any kind of information, he has to give the information in writing to the “Public Information Officer”. In this, he has to give details about the information he is seeking. Such as: which department it is related to; name of the file or document (if known), name of the officer giving the order, date etc.

According to the provisions of this Act, the information sought by every person has to be provided within thirty days. A reasonable fee will also be determined for this. If a person is below poverty line (BPL), then no fee will be charged from him. Rules are to be made for determining the fees etc. Rules are being made by the Central Government, which are awaited.

Some fee may be levied on the information sought. Where the amount of information is large, the Public Information Officer will inform the applicant to pay the fee. The period between the information and depositing the fee will not be counted as 30 days. The information should be given in the same form in which it is sought. For example, if a copy (photocopy) of a register is sought, then the same has to be given.

If the information is sought in such a form which either costs the department unusual time or money or damages the documents, then the information can be given in some other form. For example: If a person asks for printed copies of a large document which will take a lot of time to print/photocopy, then instead of hard copies, that information can be given through computer “floppy” etc.

एक नागरिक सूचना कैसे माँगेगा ?

हर विभाग में, इस कानून के अन्तर्गत सूचना देने के लिए एक या एक से अधिक “लोक सूचना अधिकारी” नियुक्त किए जाएंगे। इनकी जानकारी स्पष्ट रूप से विभाग के कार्यालय में लिखी होगी।

लोक सूचना अधिकारी किसी भी सूचना की माँग का निपटारा करेंगे। वे सूचना माँगने वाले का हर प्रकार से, सामान्य सहायता भी देंगे।

लोक सूचना अधिकारी अपने इस कार्य के लिए किन्हीं और अधिकारियों की सहायता भी माँग सकते हैं। इन अधिकारियों को लोक सूचना अधिकारी की हर प्रकार से सहायता करनी होगी।

कोई व्यक्ति अगर किसी प्रकार की सूचना चाहता है, तो उसे “लोक सूचना अधिकारी” को लिखित में सूचना देनी होगी। इसमें उसे अपनी माँगी गई सूचना के बारे में ब्यौरा देना होगा। जैसे : किस विभाग से सम्बन्धित है; फाईल या दस्तावेज का नाम (पता हो तो) आदेश देने वाले अधिकारी का नाम, तारीख इत्यादि ।

इस अधिनियम के प्रावधानों के अनुसार प्रत्येक व्यक्ति द्वारा मांगी गयी सूचना तीस दिन के अन्दर उपलब्ध करानी होगी। इस हेतु उचित फीस का निर्धारण भी किया जायेगा। यदि कोई व्यक्ति गरीबी रेखा (बी०पी०एल०) का है, तो उससे फीस नहीं ली जायेगी। फीस आदि कि निर्धारण हेतु नियम बनाये जाने हैं। केन्द्र सरकार द्वारा नियम बनाये जा रहे हैं, जिनकी प्रतीक्षा की जा रही है।

माँगी गई सूचना पर कुछ शुल्क लगाया जा सकता है। जहाँ सूचना की मात्रा अधिक होगी, वहाँ लोक सूचना अधिकारी शुल्क भरने के लिए आवेदक को सूचित करेंगे।सूचित करने और शुल्क जमा करने के बीच की अवधि 30 दिन की गिनती में नहीं आएगी। सूचना उसी रूप में दी जानी चाहिए, जिस रूप में माँगी गई हो। जैसे, अगर किसी रजिस्टर की प्रति (फोटोकॉपी) माँगी गयी है, तो वही देनी होगी।

अगर सूचना ऐसे रूप में माँगी गयी हो जिससे या तो विभाग का असामान्य समय, या पैसा खर्च हो, या उन दस्तावेजों को कोई नुकसान पहुँचे तो सूचना किसी और रूप में भी दी जा सकती है। जैसे : यदि कोई व्यक्ति किसी बड़े दस्तावेज की छपी प्रतियाँ माँगे, जिन्हें छापने / फोटोकॉपी करने में बहुत समय लगेगा, तो कागजी प्रतियों के स्थान पर कम्प्यूटर “फ्लापी” इत्यादि द्वारा वह सूचना दी जा सकती है।

Who will be responsible for providing the information?

Public Information Officers will be appointed for this work. Every public authority shall appoint Central Public Information Officers or State Public Information Officers under this Act in all administrative units or offices under it to provide information to people seeking information under this Act.

Every public authority shall appoint a Central Public Information Officer or a State Assistant Public Information Officer at every sub-divisional level or sub-district level to forward applications for information or appeals under this Act to the Central Public Information Officer or the State Public Information Officer or any senior officer or to the Central Information Commission or the State Information Commission, as the case may be.

The Central Public Information Officer or the State Public Information Officer, as the case may be, shall deal with the requests of the persons seeking information and render necessary assistance to such persons who seek information.

सूचना देने की जिम्मेदारी किसकी होगी ?

इस कार्य हेतु लोक सूचना अधिकारियों की नियुक्ति की जाएगी। प्रत्येक लोक प्राधिकारी, इस अधिनियम के अन्तर्गत केन्द्रीय लोक सूचना अधिकारियों या राज्य लोक सूचना अधिकारियों सभी प्रशासकीय इकाइयों या कार्यालयों में जो उनके अधीन हो, इस अधिनियम के अधीन सूचना की मांग करने वाले लोगों को सूचना प्रदान करने हेतु आवश्यक अधिकारियों की नियुक्ति करेगा।

प्रत्येक लोक प्राधिकारी इस अधिनियम के अन्तर्गत प्रत्येक उप-सम्भागीय स्तर या उप-जिला स्तर पर एक केन्द्रीय लोक सूचना अधिकारी या एक राज्य सहायक लोक सूचना अधिकारी, सूचनार्थ आवेदन अथवा अपीलें जो इस अधिनियम, केन्द्रीय लोक सूचना अधिकारी, या राज्य लोक सूचना अधिकारी या कोई वरिष्ठ अधिकारी को अग्रसारण हेतु अथवा केन्द्रीय सूचना आयोग या राज्य सूचना आयोग, जैसी भी स्थिति हो, को नियुक्ति करेगा।

केन्द्रीय लोक सूचना अधिकारी या राज्य लोक सूचना अधिकारी, जैसी भी स्थिति हो, उन लोगों के साथ जो सूचना चाहते हैं के आग्रहों पर ध्यान देगा और ऐसे लोगों को जो सूचना प्राप्त करना चाहते हैं को आवश्यक सहायता प्रदान करेगा।

Will every type of information be given?

No! The law lists certain types of information that are prohibited from being disclosed. In addition, there are certain government organizations whose work is related to security and the receipt of confidential information. Information cannot be sought from these organizations under the provisions of this law.

क्या हर प्रकार की सूचना दी जाएगी?

नहीं! कानून में कुछ प्रकार की जानकारी सूचीबद्ध की गई है, जिन्हें प्रकट करने पर प्रतिबंध है। इसके अलावा, कुछ सरकारी संगठन हैं जिनका काम सुरक्षा और गोपनीय जानकारी प्राप्त करने से संबंधित है। इस कानून के प्रावधानों के तहत इन संगठनों से जानकारी नहीं मांगी जा सकती।

On what grounds can an application for information be rejected?

Some information will not be provided, such as

Information which has a negative impact on the sovereignty, integrity of India, information which has a negative impact on the security, special scientific or economic interests of the State or international affairs.

Information which has an adverse effect on public safety and peace; information which has an adverse effect on the detection or investigation of any crime; information which may incite any person to commit any crime or have an adverse effect on any legal proceedings.

Information which is given confidentially between the Centre and the States and which has a material adverse effect on the relations between the Central and State Governments.

All documents and discussions of the Cabinet, Secretary and officers.

Decision making process discussions, legal advice and opinion before formulating a policy or taking a decision.

Information related to trade and commerce which is legally kept secret. Information whose disclosure may adversely affect the economic or commercial position of the government, or may cause undue advantage or loss to any person.

If the information sought for is of such a nature which is either very general in nature or for any other reason which would be costly to the department or would be inordinately time consuming to collect, but before refusing, the Public Information

The officer has to assist in amending the application in such a manner that the information sought for becomes capable of being provided.

If the information is of such nature which is required to be published from time to time by any law, rule or order and it is likely to be published within 30 days, the application for information may be rejected.

Application for information which is available to the public in the form of printed material will also not be accepted.

Information that may unreasonably intrude upon an individual’s privacy will also not be provided.

If any part of a document is prohibited from being given but the rest of the information can be given, then the prohibited information will be removed and the document will be given. While giving it, it will be necessary for the person asking for it to:

Only that portion of the document is being given from which the prohibited information has been removed.

Under which provision of law does the prohibited information fall?

If any information is to be disclosed which relates to some other person or has been given by him on the basis of confidentiality, then before giving the information the Public Information Officer shall give information in writing to that other person within twenty five days of receiving the application.

tell the other person what information they are about to give and give them an opportunity to object to the disclosure of the information within 20 days of receiving the information

Within 60 days of receiving the application for information, after giving the other person an opportunity of being heard, a decision will be taken whether to give the information or not.

This decision will be notified to the other person in writing, informing him or her that he or she may appeal this decision.

सूचना का आवेदन किन आधारों पर नामंजूर हो सकता है ?

कुछ सूचनाएं नहीं दी जाएंगी, जैसे

भारत की प्रभुता, अखण्डता पर विपरीत असर डालने वाली सूचनाएँ, जो सूचनाएँ जो राज्य की सुरक्षा, विशेष वैज्ञानिक या आर्थिक हितों या अंतराष्ट्रीय मामलों पर विपरीत असर

सूचनाएँ जो लोक सुरक्षा और शांति पर विपरीत असर करती हों, वे सूचनाएँ जो किसी अपराध के पता लगाने और उसकी जाँच पर विपरीत असर डालती हो; वे सूचनाएँ जो किसी अपराध करने में किसी को प्रोत्साहन दें या किसी कानूनी कार्यवाही पर विपरीत असर डालें।

केन्द्रीय और राज्य सरकारों के संबंधों पर विपरीत असर डालने वाली सूचनाएँ जो केन्द्र और राज्यों के बीच गुप्ततापूर्वक दी गई हों।

मंत्रीमंडल, उसके सचिवों और अधिकारियों के सभी दस्तावेज व विचार-विमर्श ।

कोई नीति बनाने या निर्णय लेने से पहले, निर्णय की प्रक्रिया के विचार-विमर्श, कानूनी सलाह और राय।

व्यापार और वाणिज्य से सम्बन्धित ऐसी बातें जिन्हें कानूनी तौर पर गुप्त रखा जाता है। ऐसी सूचना जिसे बताने से सरकार की आर्थिक या वाणिज्य स्थिति पर प्रतिकूल असर पड़ सकता है, या किसी व्यक्ति को नायायज फायदा या नुकसान हो सकता है।

यदि कोई माँगी गई सूचना इस प्रकार की हो जो कि या तो बहुत सामान्य सी होने के कारण, या किसी और कारण से इकट्ठी करने में विभाग का अत्यधिक समय खर्चा लगता हो या उसके कार्य लेकिन इनकार करने से पहले, लोक सूचनाअधिकारी को, उस आवेदन को इस प्रकार संशोधन करने में मद्द करनी होगी, जिससे माँगी गई सूचना सूचना देने के काबिल हो सके।

यदि कोई सूचना इस प्रकार की है जो किसी कानून, नियम या आदेश द्वारा समय-समय पर छपती हो, और 30 दिन के अन्दर उसके छपने की संभावना हो, तो सूचना के आवेदन को नामंजूर किया जा सकता है।

जो सूचना छपी सामग्री के रूप में जनता उपलब्ध है, ऐसी सूचना का आवेदन भी स्वीकार नहीं किया जाएगा।

जो सूचना किसी व्यक्ति की एकांतता (प्राइवेसी) पर अमान्य दखल करती हो, वह सूचना भी नहीं दी जाएगी।

यदि किसी दस्तावेज के किसी भाग सूचना देने से वर्जित है पर बाकी भाग दिया जा सकता है तो वर्जित सूचना हटाकर दस्तावेज दिया जाएगा। देते समय माँगने वाले को ये जरूरी होगा कि :

दस्तावेज का वही भाग दिया जा रहा है जिसमें से वर्जित सूचना हटाई गयी है।

वर्जित सूचना कानून के किस प्रावधान के अंतर्गत गयी है।

यदि कोई ऐसी सूचना दी जानी हो जो किसी अन्य व्यक्ति से संबंध रखती हो या उसके द्वारा गुप्तता मानकर दी गयी हो तो देने के पहले लोक सूचना अधिकारी आवेदन पाने के 25 दिन के अन्दर उस अन्य व्यक्ति को लिखित में सूचना

देंगें कि वे कौन सी सूचना देने वाले हैं और सूचना की प्राप्ति के 20 दिन के अन्दर उस अन्य व्यक्ति को सूचना दिए जाने का विरोध करने का मौका देंगे

सूचना का आवेदन पाने के 60 दिन के अन्दर, अन्य व्यक्ति को सुनवाई का मौका देकर, सूचना देने या न देने का निर्णय लेंगे।

इस निर्णय की सूचना उस अन्य व्यक्ति को लिखित में दी जाएगी, यह बताते हुए कि वह इस निर्णय के विरोध में अपील कर सकते हैं।

Can we file a case in court for rejection?

No/Any order given under this law cannot be challenged in a civil court by filing a normal civil suit. Only appeals mentioned above can be heard.

But, still, an application can be filed in the court against any government order. This application is called a “writ petition”. This is a constitutional right. If you feel that the order given is illegal, illegitimate, or wrong for any other reason, you can file a writ petition in the High Court.

क्या नामंजूरी पर कोर्ट में केस डाल सकते है ?

नहीं/इस कानून के अन्तर्गत दिए गए किसी आदेश को साधारण दीवानी मुकदमा करके (सिविल कोर्ट) में चुनौती नहीं दी जा सकती। केवल ऊपर बतायी गयी अपीलों द्वारा सुनवाई हो सकती है।

लेकिन, फिर भी, किसी भी शासकीय आदेश के विरोध में, कोई कोर्ट में अर्जी दी जा सकती है। इस अर्जी को “रिट याचिका” कहते हैं। यह एक संवैधानिक अधिकार हैं अगर आपको लगे कि दिया गया आदेश गैर कानूनी, नाजायज, या किसी और कारण से गलत है, हाई कोर्ट में रिट याचिका डाल सकते हैं।

April 6, 2023

3 Reasons Sermons Shouldn't Be Short

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Right of Children to Free And Compulsory Education Act. 2009, Along with Central Rules 2010

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